Chhayavaad (छायावाद) (Shadowism) refers to the era of Neo-romanticism in Hindi literature particularly Hindi poetry, 1917-1938, and was marked by an upsurge of romantic and humanist content. Chhayavad was marked by a renewed sense of the self and personal expression, visible in the writings of time. It is known for its leaning towards themes of love and nature, as well as an individualistic reappropriation of the Indian tradition in a new form of mysticism, expressed through a subjective voice.
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| Mahadevi Verma |
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| Jaishankar Prasad |
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| Nirala |
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| Sumitranandan Pant |
Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Sumitranandan Pant and Mahadevi Varma are considered as the four pillars of Chhayavaadi school of Hindi literature.
Other important figures of this literary movement were Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Harivansh Rai Bachchan and Makhanlal Chaturvedi.
Jaishankar Prasad's Kamayani (Hindi:कामायनी) (1936) is considered an important magnum opus of this school, followed by Mahadevi Verma's , Nihar (Mist, 1930), Harivansh Rai Bachchan's, Madhushala (Hindi: मधुशाला) (1935).
Nirala pioneered the Chhayavaad (छायावाद) movement along with Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant (सुमित्रानंदन पंत) and Mahadevi Varma(महादेवी वर्मा). Nirala's Parimal (परिमल) and Anaamika (अनामिका) are considered as the original Chhayavaadi Hindi literature.
Nirala's work:
Poetry (काव्य)
- Saroj Smriti
- Parimal (परिमल)
- Anaamika (अनामिका) (1937)
- Geetika (गीतिका)
- Kukurmutta (कुकुरमुत्ता) (1941)
- Adima (आदिम)
- Bela (बेला)
- Naye Patte (नये पत्ते)
- Archana (अर्चना)
- Aradhana (आराधना)
- Tulsidas (तुलसीदास)
- Janmabhumi (जन्मभूमि)
Novels (उपन्यास)
- Apsara (अपसरा)
- Alka (अलका)
- Prabhavati (प्रभावती)
- Nirupama (निरुपमा)
- Chameli (चमेली)
- Choti ki Pakar (चोटी की पकड़)
- Uchchhrankhalta (उच्चारणखल्ता)
- Kale Karname (काले कारनामें)
Story-collections (कहानी संग्रह)
- Chhaturi Chamar (चतुरी चमार)
- Sukul ki Biwi (सुकुल की बीवी)
- Sakhi (सखी)
- Lily (लिली)
- Devi (देवी)
Essay-collections (निर्बंध संग्रह)
- Prabandha-Parichaya (प्रबंध परिचय)
- Prabandha-Pratibha (प्रबंध प्रतिभा)
- Bangbhasha ka Uchcharan (बंगभाषा का उच्चारण)
- Ravindra-Kavita-Kannan (रविंद्र कविता कानन)
- Prabandh-Padya (प्रबंध पद्य)
- Prabandh-Pratima (प्रबंध प्रतिमा)
- Chabuk (चाबुक)
- Chayan (छायां)
- Sangrah (संग्रह)
Prose (पद्य)
- Kullibhat (कुल्लीभात)
- Billesur Bakriha (बिल्लेसुर बकरिहा)
Translations (अनुवाद)
- Anand Math (आनंद मठ)
- Vish-Vriksh (विष वृक्ष)
- Krishna kant ka Vil (क्रष्ण कांत का विल)
- Kapal Kundala (कपाल कुण्डल)
- Durgesh Nandini (दुर्गेश नन्दिनी)
- Raj Singh (राज सिंह)
- Raj Rani (राज रानी)
- Devi Chaudharani (देवी चौधरानी)
- Yuglanguliya (युगलांगुल्य)
- Chandrasekhar (चन्द्रशेखर)
- Rajni (रजनी)
- Sri Ramkrishna Vachnamrit (श्री रामक्रष्ण वच्नाम्रत)
- Bhatrat Main Vivekanand (भरत में विवेकानंद)
- Rajyog (राजयोग)
Jaishankar Prasad is considered one of the four pillars (Stambh) of Chhayavad in Hindi Literature along withSumitranandan Pant, Mahadevi Verma and Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'. His style of poetry can at best be described as touching (maarmic).
Major literary works
Poetry
- Kamayani (1935)
- Kanan Kusum
- Prem Pathik
- Jharna
- Aansoo
- Lehar
- Maharana ka Mahattva
- Arun yeh madhumay desh hamara
- Aatmakatha
Short story collections
- Chhaya
- Pratidhvani
- Akashdeep
- Aandhi
- Indrajaal
- Shivendra
- Madhua
Some famous short stories
- Mamta
- Chhota Jaadugar
Dramas
- Samudragupta
- Dhruvswamini
- Sajjan
- Parinaya
- Ek Ghoont
- Karunalaya
- Praayashchit
- Taskiyya
- Rajyashri
- Vishakh
- Ajaatshatru
- Kamana
- Janamejaye ka Naagyagya
- Skandagupta
- Chandragupta (Contains the famous patriotic poem - Himadri Shring Tunga se)
- Dhruvaswamini
Novels
- Titali
- Kankaal
- Iravati
Mahadevi is considered to be one of the four major poets of the Chhayavaadi school of the Hindi literature, others being Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Jaishankar Prasad and Sumitranandan Pant. She was also a noted painter. She drew a number of illustrations for her poetic works likeDeepshikha and Yama.
Poetry
Her poems have been published under a number of other titles as well, but they contain the poems from these collections only. They include:
- Neehar (1930)
- Rashmi (1932)
- Neerajaa (1934)
- Saandhyageet (1936)
- Deepshikha (1942)
- Saptaparna(1959)
- Agnirekha (1990, published after her death)
Prose
- Ateet Ke chalchitra (1941)
- Shrinkhla ki kadiya (1942)
- Smriti Ki Rekhayen (1943)
- Path ke Saathi (1956)
- Kshanada (1956)
- Sahityakaar ki Asatha tatha anya nibandha (1960)
- Sankalpita (1967)
- Mera Parivaar (1972)
- Sambhashan (1975)
- Neelkanth
Anthologies (संकलन)
- Yama (1936)
- Sandhini (1964)
- Geetparva (1970)
- Parikrama (1974)
- Smarika (1971)
- Smritichitra (1973)
- Mahadevi sahitya (1970)
- Meri Priya Kavitaayen
- Deepgeet
- Aatmika
- Neelambaraa
- Himalaya is a collection of poems by many poets edited by her (1963)
Sumitranandan Pant (सुमित्रानन्दन पंत) is considered one of the major poets of the Chhayavaadi school of Hindi literature. Pant received Jnanpith Award for collection of his most famous poems, titled Chidambara. He was awarded the Nehru Peace Prize by theSoviet Union for Lokayatan.
Major works
- Chinti
- Chidambara
- Veena (1927)
- Uchchhavaas
- Pallav (1926)
- Granthi (1929)
- Gunjan (1932)
- Lokayatan
- Pallavini
- Madhu Jwala
- Manasi
- Vaani
- Yug Path
- Satyakaam
- Anguthita
- Gramya
- Tarapath
- Mukti Yagnya
- Yugant
- Swachchand