Dose (Tennis)

1. The Australian Open is the first of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments held each year. 
2. The French Open (French: Les Internationaux de France de Roland Garros or Tournoi de Roland-Garros) is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June in Paris, France, at the Stade Roland Garros. It is the second of the Grand Slam tournaments on the annual tennis calendar and the premier clay court tennis tournament in the world. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam still held on clay and ends the spring clay court season.
3. The Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is generally considered the most prestigious.It has been held at the All England Club in the London suburb of Wimbledon since 1877. It is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, and the only one still played on the game's original surface, grass, which gave the game of lawn tennis its name.
4. The US Open, formally the United States Open tennis championships, is a tennis tournament which is the modern incarnation of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, with the U.S. National Championship, which for mens' singles was first contested in 1881. Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final Grand Slam tennis tournament each year.
6. All India Tennis Association, abbreviated as AITA, is the governing body of tennis in India. It has invested in the development of domestic tennis in India. It has produced talents like Sania Mirza, Karan Rastogi, and Rohan Bopanna.
7. Tennis is a sport played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a strung racquet to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponent's court.The modern game of tennis originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century as "lawn tennis" which has heavy connections to various field/lawn games as well as to the ancient game of real tennis.
8. Juan Martin del Potro upsets Roger Federer to take the 2009 US Open crown and become the tallest player ever to win a Grand Slam title.
9. Roger Federer snatches 2009 Cincinnati Title beating Novak Djokovic in the final 6-1, 7-5.
10. Roger Federer wins his 6th Wimbledon title at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships. 
11. Svetlana Kuznetsova won her first French Open 2009  over Dinara Safina, which was her second slam title after the 2004 US Open.
    

Dose

1. Saharanpur is internationally famous for its wood carving work cottage industry. It is a thriving market of local agricultural produce, including basmati rice and mangoes. A variety of agro-based industrial enterprises - such as textiles, sugar, paper and cigarette factories - are located in it.
2. A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter.
3. The International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI (pronounced /aɪˈmiː/) is a number unique to every GSM and WCDMA and iDEN mobile phone, as well as some satellite phones.
4. GSM (Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.
5. Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card
6. Invention by Lee De Forest of the triode.
7. Analogue electronics (or analog in American English) are those electronic systems with a continuously variable signal. In contrast, in digital electronics signals usually take only two different levels. The term "analogue" describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal.
8. Digital electronics are systems that represent signals as discrete levels, rather than as a continuous range. 
9. electric potential (also called the "electrostatic potential") is potential energy divided by charge that is associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field. It is a scalar quantity, typically measured in volts.
10. Potential energy is energy stored within a physical system as a result of the position or configuration of the different parts of that system. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, and to do work in the process. The SI unit of measure for energy (including potential energy) and work is the joule (symbol J).

Indus River System

Indus River System

The Indus River originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range near Lake MansarovarTibet. Although most of the river's course runs through neighboring Pakistan, a portion of it does run through Indian territory, as do parts of the courses of its five major tributaries, listed below. in

Beas

The Beas originates in Beas Kund, lying near the Rohtang pass. It runs past Manali and Kulu, where its beautiful valley is known as the Kulu valley. . It joins the Sutlej river near Harika, after being joined by a few tributaries. The total length of the river is 615km

Chenab

The Chenab originates from the confluence of two rivers, the Chandra and the Bhaga, It is also known as the Chandigarh in Himachal Pradesh. It runs parallel to the Pir It enters the plains of Punjab near Akhnur and is later joined by the Jhelum. It is further joined by the Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan.

Jhelum

The Jhelum originates in the south-eastern part of Kashmir, in a spring at Verinag.

Ravi

The Ravi originates near the Rotang pass in the Himalayas and follows a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It flows as a part of the Indo-Pakistan border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab river. .

Sutlej

The Sutlej originates from the Rakas Lake, which is connected to the Manasarovar lake by a stream, in Tibet. It enters Pakistan near Sulemanki, and is later joined by the Chenab. It has a total length of almost 1500 km.

Daily Dose (Miscellaneous)

1. James Bowthorpe ventured out on his 18,000-mile bike ride through 20 countries, the cabinet-maker from south London is set to become the fastest man to cycle round the globe.
2. The Right to Information act is a law enacted by the Parliament of India giving citizens of India access to records of the Central Government and State Governments. The Act applies to all States and Union Territories of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir - which is covered under a State-level law.This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 13 October 2005 . Information disclosure in India was hitherto restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws, which the new RTI Act now relaxes.
3. The Parliament of India (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme legislative body of India. It consists of the office of President of India and two houses, the lower house, known as the Lok Sabha and the upper house, known as the Rajya Sabha.. It is located in New Delhi at Sansad Bhavan on Sansad Marg.
4. A federal government is the common government of a federation.
5. federal state, is a type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
6. A sovereign state, commonly simply referred to as a state, is a political association with effective internal and external sovereignty over a geographic area and population which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. 
7. Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. 
8. The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centred upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.
9. Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies and the varieties of indigenous philosophies.
10. During the Cold War, a new definition emerged. The Earth was divided into three "worlds". The First World, analogous in this context to what was called the West, was composed of NATO members and other countries aligned with the United States. The Second World was the Eastern bloc in the Soviet sphere of influence, including the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries. It included some Central European countries (like The German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland) which had a Western type culture.The Third World consisted of countries unaligned with either, and important members included India and Yugoslavia; some include the People's Republic of China, though this is disputed,as the People's Republic of China was communist, had friendly relations—at certain times—with the Soviet bloc, and had a significant degree of importance in global geopolitics.
    

DOSE (MISCELLANEOUS)

1. The core sector accounts for 26.7 per cent of the Index of Industrial Production and ... The six core infrastructure industries -- crude oil, petroleum refinery products, ... petroleum refinery products, coal, electricity, cement and finished carbon steel.
2. Expressing pressure as the height of a column of mercury stems from the mercury barometer, which was invented by the ltalian scientist EvangelistaTorricelli in 1643, and is still use today. A glass tube with a sealed end is filled with mercury and then up ended in a bowl of mercury.The mercury will sink in the tube until the weight of mercury in the tube is balanced by the pressure of the atmosphere acting on the surface of the bowl of mercury.
3. In 1776, the first naval battle of the Revolutionary War was fought just off Grand View's riverbanks. George Washington and his army traversed the area many times during the war; their headquarters were in the nearby village of Tappan. During the 18th and 19th centuries, brown sandstone was quarried in the village, and many of the brownstones in New York City, including City Hall and Trinity Church, were built with that material.
4.  America's first president, George Washington, took this oath in New York City on April 30, 1789.
5. Mahangar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL), a full service telecoms provider and...generation communications services in India. MTNL, which was set up on April 1st, 1986...accounts.
6. May 23, 2009 - Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited launched third generation (3G) mobile service in Mumbai. The 3G service would enable customers to make video calls, view LIVE TV channels on their mobiles, download data from internet at speeds upto 2 mbps and songs ...
7. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India came into being  with Justice SS Sodhi as its chairman. The other two members are BK Zutshi, as vice-chairperson and NS Ramachandran as member.(1999)
8. J S Raju, the chief of National Literacy Mission Authority (NLMA) 
9. Responsibility for supervising the Indian telecommunications sector is divided between the. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and the Telecom Commission. 
10.  The construction of thE  Jami Masjid (Friday Mosque), started in the in 1193 CE, when Aibak was the commander of Muhammad Ghori's garrison occupied Delhi.

DOSE (MISCELLANEOUS)

1. The UNESCO has welcomed the tabling of National Commission for Heritage Sites Bill 2009 in the Rajya Sabha. The Bill, tabled in the last Parliament session, seeks to create a national commission, having a holistic view of protection and preserv ation of heritage sites.
2. On May 21, 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was killed in Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu by a suicide bomber. Sonia resisted Congress attempts to persuade her to step into Rajiv`s shoes and eschewed politics for some years. 
3. Mother Teresa,  won the Nobel Prize in April 1985.
4. Mother Teresa was born on August 27, 1910, in Skopje, Yugoslavia (known today as Skopje, Macedonia). Her parents were Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu. She was known as the friend to the friendless or sister to the poor. Mother Teresa's real name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, but as a nun she changed her name of course to Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa was a Roman nun.
5. Mother Teresa, born on 29th August, 1910, was the foundress of Missionaries of Charity.
6. Yasser Arafat was born Mohammed Yasser Abdul- Ra'ouf Qudwa Al-Husseini on August 24, 1929. Though he became the symbol of the Palestinian cause, he was not a Palestinian. His birthplace was actually Cairo, Egypt. Arafat ls Born The Syrians, who were increasingly at odds with Nasser, decided to support a rival Palestinian faction and began recruiting agents from refugee camps in Lebanon. A group calling themselves the Movement for the Liberation of Palestine
7. Jawaharlal Nehru Port, the country's premier container port, even as the port is continuously breaking new grounds in cargo handling. Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) handled 4.06 million TEUs of containers during the financial year 2007-08 .
8. Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) handled 4.06 million TEUs of containers during the financial year 2007-08 . ... "With 24% growth JNPT is the third port in the world after two Chinese ports to record highest growths in cargo handling," said SS Hussain, chairman of the Port Trust.
9. The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIMC) was established in the year 1961. The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIMC) was established as the first national institute for Post-Graduate studies and Research in Management by the Government of India. The vision of the Institute is to emerge as an International Centre of Excellence in all facets of Management Education, rooted in Indian ethos and societal values.
10. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee is a premier institution of engineering and technology in India. The first engineering institution set up in India in 1847, IIT Roorkee has acquired a world-wide reputation of being among the foremost centres of excellence.

DOSE (MISCELLANEOUS)

1. July 16, 1945, a couple of months after Nazi Germany surrendered, the first atomic device (called “The Gadget”) was hauled up a hundred feet above the ground on a steel tower, 230 miles south of Los Alamos, in the New Mexico desert (the Trinity test). As the announcer shouted “Now”, a blinding white flash illuminated the still-dark skies, a light so intense that resident of a distant neighbouring community would swear that the sun rose twice that day.
2. Many foreign philosophers have fallen in love with Bhagavad Gita from time to time. Way back in 1785, Charles Wilkins published an English translation of the Bhagavad Gita. It was praised by Wilhelm Von Humboldt as “the most beautiful, perhaps the only true philosophical song existing in any known tongue.” Christopher Isherwood and TS Elliot too have appreciated this book.
3.  Charles Wilkins (1749-1836) was an Orientalist, founder member of the Asiatic Society in Kolkata and the inventor of modern Bangla and Persian printing typefaces. Charles Wilkins joined the East India Company in 1770 as a writer. He is the first Britishman to develop interest in Orientalism and learn Sanskrit thoroughly.
4. China has blamed New Delhi for trying to provoke Beijing by orchestrating Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama's controversial visit to Arunachal Pradesh, India has rubbished the allegation.
5.  Arunachal Pradesh has attained statehood on 20th February, 1987. But 20 years has not been enough for the state to leave its mark in the national business scenario.
6.  SENET is an intranet project launched by the Office of the Development Commissioner (MSME ) in April 1997 and is a small enterprise information resource center network. ( Small enterprise mans small-scale industries and small-scale services and business activities). SENET Objectives are: To Create - an electronic intranet for small enterprises - databases for small enterprise To Provide - technical know-how and package assistance to small information servers - Training 
7. 1914 - In the East, the Russians surprised the German General Staff by mobilizing faster than the Germans anticipated, and invaded East Prussia with two massive armies. Only the diversion of troops scheduled for the Western Front halted the Russian offensive. General Paul von Hindenburg and his adjutant, General Erich von Ludendorff, won a stunning victory over the Russians at the Battle of Tannenburg in August 1914. This ended the Russian threat to East Prussia .
8. 1812 - the Battle of Borodino Russian: Borodinskaja bitva, French: Bataille de la Moskowa, fought on September 7, 1812, was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars the village of Borodino, west of the town of Mozhaysk, and eventually captured the main positions on the battlefield, but it failed to destroy the Russian army.
9. As part of an effort to improve environmental quality and to increase environmental awareness among industries and consumers, the Indian Parliament initiated a voluntary ecolabeling program known as the Ecomark in February 1991. The Ecomark is a government operated seal-of-approval program for enviromentally-preferable consumer products. The Ministry of Environment of Forests (MoEF), with the technical advice of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), manages the program.
10. Ecomark, `the greening of consumer choice', was launched by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF) in 1992. The matka (earthen pot) was to be the symbol of choice for eco-friendly every-day products. Seven futile years later, there is not a single genuine ecolabel on the retail.

DOSE (MISCELLANEOUS)

1. Father of Green Revolution and chairman of National Commission on Farmers MS Swaminathan.
2. On November 1, 1956, Andhra State merged with the Telangana region of Hyderabad State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad, the former capital of the Hyderabad State, became the capital of the new state Andhra Pradesh.
3. Yousuf Hussain Khan was one of the five delegates who went to New York to argue for the independence of Nizam's Hyderabad state in the UN in September 1948. Upon his return from the unfinished job, Khan, a historian and litterateur at OU, and the brother of Zakir Hussain, the former president, returned to his alma matar. But he soon quit his job and went to Aligarh where he later became the pro vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University.
4. Akbar appointed prince Murad governor of Malwa in 1582. In the following year the prince was also made governor of Gujarat; and the former governor Mirza Khan, was despatched with an army under prince Daniyal for the invasion of the Dakhan. Owing to disputes prince Daniyal was recalled; and the command devolved on Mirza Khan, who cantoned in Malwa, intending to invade the Dakhan after the rains were over.
5. Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri with President Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan and Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin in Tashkent on January 10, 1966. Shastri died in Tashkent the next day.
6. SHASTRI was deeply patriotic and courageous, having dedicated his life to the service of the nation. His commitment to the people of India was exemplary. Lal Bahadur Shastri was born in a poor family on October 2, 1904 and through his grit, determination and honesty he rose to the high position of Prime Minister of India. A firm believer in the social responsibilities of business enterprises, he looked at the economic and social realities of Indian life with a clear vision.
7. October 31, 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two Sikh bodyguards. Riots erupted in New Delhi.
8.  Indira Gandhi was sworn in India's first woman Prime Minister on January 24, 1966. 
9. Baitullah Mehsud, unlike other militant leaders, made the Pakistan government his target, using suicide attacks and assassinations to shake the foundations of ... For the most part, Mehsud's operations were focused in Pakistan. As a result, for Pakistan, Mehsud was the biggest threat. ...
10.  A court in northwest Pakistan (1 NOV 09) directed police to declare former President Pervez Musharraf a "proclaimed offender" and confiscate his property if he failed to cooperate with the probe into the whereabouts of a man allegedly detained by security agencies ...

CRIPPS MISSION

Viceroy Linlithgow was convinced that there was no necessity to make any concessions during the war. But with the international situation getting increasingly ominous. President Roosevelt of the US and President Chiang Kai-Shek of China as also Britain’s Labour Party leaders pressurized Churchill to seek Indians ‘cooperation. Moreover, the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 and invaded Burma, reaching closer to India. The British Cabinet was forced to make a declaration of its war aims so as to obtain India’s full support. When Lintithgow saw the draft declaration, he tendered his resignation, which the Cabinet did not want to accept then. Churchill was in a fix. He was saved from making a difficult choice when Sir Stafford Cripps offered to go India as representatives of the War Cabinet. Cripps was credited with having won over the Soviet Union as an ally during his term in Soviet Union as the British Ambassador. His success in India would have presented him as serious rival to Churchill. Churchill could hardly have wished Cripps to solve the Indian problems. However, Winston Churchill announced on March 11, 1942 that British Cabinet was sending a mission to India under Sir Stafford Cripps. Cripps announced that the aim of the British policy was the earliest possible realisation of self-government in India. But the Draft Declaration he brought with him repeated the promise of granting Dominion Status and a Constitution-making body after the war whose members would be elected by provincial assemblies and nominated by the rulers in case of the princely states . On the demand for Pakistan, a provision stated that any province unwilling to accept the new Constitution would be able to have a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status. But for the present, the British would have sole control over India’s defence.
Negotiations between Cripps and Congress leaders were unsuccessful. Cripps had been told not to go beyond the Draft Declaration. The congress objected to the provision granting Domination Status rather complete independence; the representation of the princely status in the constituent assembly not by the states’ people but by rulers’ nominees; and provision for India’s partition.Britain refused the Indian demand for immediate transfer of power to them and for a real share in the responsibility for the defenCe of India. The Cripps offer (called a ‘post-dated cheque’ by Gandhi) was rejected.

INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA

Gandhi initiated a limited satyagraha on an individual basis in every locality.The carefully -chosen satyagrahis would preach against participation in the war , after informing the district magistrate of the time and place of the anti war speech. Vinoba Bhave was first satyagrahi on 17 October 1940 and Jawarharlal Nehru , the second . if the government did not arrest them, they planned to start moving towards Delhi (the Delhi Chalo movement ). The individual satyagraha not onl;y expressed the indian people's strong political feeling but gave the British the opportunity to accept Indians demands peacefully. By 15 May 1941, more than 25000 satyagrahis had been convicted

DOSE(MISCELLANEOUS)

1. The 10th century Tabo monastery houses more than 60 Lamas, large number of scriptures and art treasure like stucco wall paintings. Built in the year 996 AD, Tabo monastery is the oldest and archeologically most important monastery of Spiti. The wall-frescoes of the monastery are said to be comparable in their antiquity and quality to those of Ajanta Caves. Hence, Tabo is known as the Ajanta of the Himalayas.
2. The TABO monastery was founded by the great scholar, Richen Zangpo, in the year 960 AD. Tabo Gompa, located in India, was meant to serve as an institution for advanced learning
3. The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. It is the world's largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta, also known as the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east. It is approximately 350 km (220 mi) across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Haldia in India and Mongla in Bangladesh are the principal seaports on the delta.
4.  The federation of Pakistan, which came into being in 1947, comprised of two wings: West Pakistan and East Pakistan. There was a marked contrast between these two wings. One, whereas West Pakistan was ethnically diverse, East Pakistan was ethnically homogeneous. Two, whereas West Pakistan was essentially a feudal society, there was only a vestige of feudalism in East Pakistan. Hence, East Pakistanis were politically more conscious than West Pakistanis.
5. Born on March 1, 1975, Maulana Fazlullah earned the sobriquet Mullah Radio for using illegal FM channels to broadcast vituperative speeches, threatening people with dire consequences should they not adhere to Shariat and instigating the residents of Swat into taking part in jehad. His 10000 armed volunteers established a parallel government in almost 60 towns of the Swat valley, replete with Islamic courts delivering instant justice and gun-toting men directing traffic.
6. In 1937, the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act was passed, making the rules laid down by the Shariat for marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance and intestate succession applicable to aWMuslim women, 'notwidistanding any custom or usage to the contrary.'
7.  - Akshay Kumar, one of the most popular male actors in Bollywood was born on on September 9, 1967 with the name of Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia. His movies in the 90s were also power packed with and so he was better known as Bollywood's action hero. Some of his noted action films are Khiladi, Mohra and Sabse Bada Khiladi. Akshay Kumar also played many romantic roles and some of the noteworthy ones amongst them are Yeh Dillagi, Dhadkan and Ek Rishtaa.
8. The 9th Asian Games was held in New Delhi India fir 16 days during Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1982 with about 4500 athletes from 33 countries participating.
9. : Cricket in the Twenty20 format may be a novelty at the moment, but it has already made a breakthrough into the 16th Asian Games to be staged at Guangzhou, China, in 2010.
10. Nicknamed the 'Villans,' Aston Villa was formed by the members of the Aston Villa Wesleyan Church in 1874.

DOSE (MISCELLANEOUS)

1. Corbett national park was established in 1936. It is the India's first national park and the first sanctuary to come under Project Tiger.
2. Maharashtra's oldest National Park created in 1955, the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve. It is also one of India's 25 Project Tiger Reserve. The National Park is 623 sq. kms in area, consisting of two forested rectangles of the Tadoba and Andhari range
3. Project Tiger launched in 1973, for the total environmental protection of this endangered species
4. The tomb is just opposite to famous Humayun Tomb in Delhi. This is the shrine of a famous mystic and Sufi saint of Chisti tradition, Sheikh Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya Chisti. Nizamuddin Auliya was born in the then Oudh and now Uttar Pradesh in the year 1236. Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya is said to be the direct descendent of Khwaza Moinuddin Chisti of Ajmer. Auliya had a large following in India that included the likes of Aladdin Khilji, Mohammed bin Tughlaq 
5. Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, is 306 km from Kathmandu in Nepal. Lord Buddha was born in 623 BC in Lumbini. Places to visit in Lumbini on Buddhist Pilgrimage Tours are the Sacred Garden, the Maya Temple, Puskani Pond, Ashokan Pillar, Nepal Buddha Temple and Lumbini Museum. Lumbini is listed in the UNESCO's World Heritage Site. Bodh Gaya, the place where Prince Siddhartha attained Enlightenment, is 13 km from Gaya in Bihar. 
6.  Lord Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara, was  born here in Kundligrama (Vaishali) in 599 BC Some of the main attractions here are the newly built Vishwa Shanti Stupa, the Ashokan pillars and a host of other structures related to both Buddhism and Jainism.
7. The district of Kushinagar is named after the sacred death-place of Lord Buddha. At Kushinagar, Lord Buddha, an apostle of peace, comapassion and non-violence, attained Mahaparinirvana (Salvation) in 483 BC. History The present Kushinagar is identified with Kushawati ( in pre- Buddha period ) and Kushinara (in Buddha period). Kushinara was the capital of Mallas which was one of the sixteen mahajanpads of the 6th Century BC.
8.  Hussain Sagar Lake which links twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad was constructed during the reign of Ibrahim Qutub Shah, by Hussainshah Wali, in 1562. There are 33 statues of historical personage of Andhra Desha placed along the bund of the lake. Another major attraction of Hussain Sagar Lake is the installation of an 18 meter high 350 ton monolithic statue of Lord Buddha on the rock of Gibraltor in the middle of the Lake.
9. Pawapuri was at this place that Lord Mahavira, the twenty fourth Tirthankar attained "Nirvana" or eternal salvation from the cycle of death and birth in the year 527 BC. The Pictures shows the "Charan Paduka" housed in Jal Mandir, one of the 5 main temples in Pawapuri. It marks the spot where the mortal remains of the Lord Mahavira was creamated.
10. enchanting coral islands in the Arabian Sea were called the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands, though they were popularly known as the Laccadives or Lakshadweep (hundred thousand islands). The territory was officially named Lakshadweep on 1 November 1973.

DOSE (MISCELLANEOUS)

1. Working capital is the amount of capital required to carry on a business. It can be a problem for businesses to obtain the necessary working capital, especially when they are starting up, and that is why it is so important for businesses to know all that they can about obtaining the necessary capital to build their business properly. Whether a business is small or large the same programs are available to those seeking financing.
2. The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly on 2007  adopted a resolution seeking revival of the Legislative Council, abolished 19 years ago. ... The Council was abolished on May 30, 1985, during the Chief Ministership of NT Rama Rao.
3. In 1959, the sphere-shaped Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to orbit the moon.
4.  NASA`s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), which will hunt for water on the moon, launched aboard an Atlas V rocket on June 18. The satellite, launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, will relay more information about the lunar environment than any other ... 
5. The largest bone in the average human body is the thigh bone or femur
   Babies are born with more than 300 bones while adults usually have 206 or fewer.
6. CHOiCE stands for CHhattisgarh Online information for Citizen Empowerment. The CHhattisgarh Online information system for Citizen Empowerment (CHOiCE) is a revolutionary approach to citizen services and provides one stop solution for anywhere-anytime based government.
7. Aman Kumar Singh, CEO of CHhattisgarh infotech and biotech Promotion Society (CHiPS) and Secretary-in-charge (IT) of Government of Chhattisgarh. Various landmark projects related to online G2C services like CHOiCE Project, online land records (Bhuiyan), Rural e-Governance (e-Gram Suraj), online learning (e-Classroom) and e-Procurement were successfully implemented under his leadership.
8. Shah Jahan, the Mughal Emperor, was succeeded by Aurangzeb in 1658 AD. The Mughal tradition of building opulent buildings came to a halt with Aurangzeb`s ascend to the throne. Being an orthodox Muslim he restricted his creative urges to mosques and tombs.
9. History says that Arjuman Banu alias Mumtaz, the daughter of Emperor Jahangir's Prime Minister, supposedly captured the heart of Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) the minute he saw her. In 1612, at the age of 21, she married him and became his beloved consort Mumtaz Mahal. Mumtaz used to accompany Shah Jahan in his military campaigns. She was his comrade, his advisor and she inspired him to acts of charity and benevolence towards the weak and the needy
10. Shah Jahan was born as Prince Khurram on 5th January 1592, to Emperor Jahangir and his second wife, Jagat Gosini (a Rajput Princess).
    

Virupaksha Temple

Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi 350 km from Bangalore, in the state of Karnataka in southern India.

Hampi sits on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the ruins of the ancient city of Vijayanagar, capital of the Vijayanagara empire. Virupaksha Temple is the main center of pilgrimage at Hampi and has been considered the most sacred over the centuries. It is fully intact among the surrounding ruins and is still used in worship. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, known here as Virupaksha, as the consort of the local goddess Pampa who is associated with the Tungabhadra River. There is also a powerful Virupakshini amma temple (mother goddess) in a village called Nalagamapalle, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, approximately 100 km from Tirupati.

AAJ KA DOSE (GEOGRAPHY)

1. Ranchi pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: राँची) is the capital city of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of mineral resources of India. Alone Ranchi accounts for 50% mineral production of the state, nearing about 18% of nation's mineral production. For this reason Ranchi is also called the Manchester of the East. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement[1] for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, Western West Bengal and the present eastern Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand State was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving out the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
2.  Coal account for ….. percent commercial energy requirement of India--------76

AAJ KA DOSE (ANCIENT HISTORY)--1

1. Manusmṛti or Manusmriti (Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति), also known as Mānava-Dharmaśāstra (Sanskrit: मानवधर्मशास्त्र), is the most important and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of Hinduism.[1] Generally known in English as the Laws of Manu, it was first translated into English in 1794 by Sir William Jones, an English Orientalist and judge of the British Supreme Court of Judicature in Calcutta.[2] The text presents itself as a discourse given by the sage called Manu to a group of seers, or rishis, who beseech him to tell them the "law of all the social classes" (1.2). Manu became the standard point of reference for all future Dharmaśāstras that followed it. According to Hindu tradition, the Manusmriti records the words of Brahma.By attributing the words to supernatural forces, the text takes on an authoritative tone as a statement on Dharma, in opposition to previous texts in the field, which were more scholarly.
2. Vijnaneshwara was a prominent jurist of twelfth century India. His treatise, the Mitakshara, dealt with inheritance, and is one of the most influential legal treatises in Hindu law.
   
   Vijnaneshwara was born in the village of Martur, near Gulbarga in Karnataka. He lived in the court of king Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126), the Chalukya monarch of Basavakalyan.
   
3. Chandragupta I (r. 320-335) was succeeded by his son, Samudragupta (r. 335-380) who conquered the Kushans and other smaller kingdoms and greatly expanded the emerging Gupta Empire. Chandragupta II (r. 380-414), the son of Samudragupta, expanded the Empire even further so that the Gupta Empire was almost as large as that of the ancient and powerful Mauryan Empire.
4. Badami, in the Bagalokot district of Karnataka in South India, was once the capital of the Chalukyas who ruled over a large part of Karnataka from the 6th to 8th centuries. Founded by Pulakesi I in 540 AD
5. - In the 6th century CE, the Hindu Chalukya rulers ruled over much of present South India. The Chalukyan king Pulakesi I established Bagalkote as his administrative headquarters; the district retained its prominent status until the Chalukyan empire was sacked by the Rashtrakutas in 753 CE. The Chinese explorer Hieun-Tsang visited Badami and described the people as "tall, proud,...brave and exceedingly chivalrous".
6. Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese pilgrim who came to India in AD 629, was the most distinguished Buddhist scholar of his times. He stayed in India for 16 long years, travelling extensively and holding discussions with Buddhist scholars all over the country. A keen intellect, an enquiring mind, profound scholarship and, above all, a deep attachment to India, were the hallmarks of his impressive personality. Hiuen Tsang's services to the spread of Buddhist knowledge in China are inestimable
7.  In the year 305 BC, Seleucus I Nicator went to India and apparently occupied territory as far as the Indus, and eventually waged war with the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta Maurya:. Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he [Seleucus] acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander.
8. - Indian troops won their last great victory against a foreign army of importance in 303 BC, when Chandragupta Maurya's army defeated Seleucus Nicator: Alexander's general.
9.  Around 321 BC, the Nanda Dynasty ended and Chandragupta became the first king of the great Mauryan Dynasty and Mauryan Empire with the help of Vishnugupta. The Empire later extended over most of Southern Asia under King Asoka, who was at first known as 'Asoka .
10. In 1646 Shivaji liberated the fort of Torana from the Bijapur commander.A huge treasure came into his possesion.This enabled Shivaji to build a new fort at Raighad and raise a good army.Later Shivaji occupied Chakan and Kondana fortresses.Shivaji also occupied fort of Kalyan in Thana district.Shivaji's military succss brought fear in the Bijapur courtiers,so tocontrol Shivaji they arrested Shahji Bhonsle

1. 
   

BLA

The Balochistan Liberation Army (also Baloch Liberation Army or Boluchistan Liberation army) (BLA) is a Baloch nationalist militant secessionist organization. The stated goals of the organization include the establishment of an independent state of Balochistan free of Pakistani and Iranian Federations. The name Baloch Liberation Army first became public in summer 2000, after the organization claimed credit for a series of bomb attacks in markets and railways lines. In 2006, the BLA was declared to be a terrorist organization by the Pakistani and British governments.

HDI

Very high human development (developed countries)

Rank Country HDI

1 ▬  Norway 0.971 ▲ 0.001

2 ▬ Australia 0.970 ▲ 0.002
3 ▬ Iceland 0.969 ▲ 0.002
4 ▬ Canada 0.966 ▲ 0.001
5 ▬ Ireland 0.965 ▲ 0.001
6 ▲ (1) Netherlands 0.964 ▲ 0.003
7 ▼ (1) Sweden 0.963 ▲ 0.002
8 ▲ (3) France 0.961 ▲ 0.003
9 ▬ Switzerland 0.960 ▲ 0.001
10 ▬ Japan

India won't be deal-breaker at Copenhagen: Sarkozy

Port of Spain, Nov 28 (PTI) Sharing India's views, French President Nicolas Sarkozy today said the upcoming Copenhagen meet on climate change should not miss the opportunity to tackle the problem as it would be a "historic failure" and asserted that New Delhi will not be a deal-breaker.

Sarkozy, who held a luncheon meeting with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh here and discussed climate change, said he was "fully confident" that the latter would attend the Copenhagen Summit being held on December 18.

As of now, Singh, who is here for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), is not going to Copenhagen where Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh will be representing India at the meet.

"India has nothing to lose and everything to gain by being in Copenhagen. If India is to be heard, it needs to be present," Sarkozy said addressing a press conference here.

गांधीनगर

Gandhinagar pronunciation (help·info) (English: Gandhinager Hindi: गांधीनगर Gujarati: ગાંધીનગર ) is the capital of the state of Gujarat and Proved as 'Merged Capital' of India through its Connectivity with Financial Capital of India, Mumbai and Administrative Capital of Nation, Delhi, Gandhinagar is Located on the West Central point of Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor.

The famous Swaminarayan temple of is built here. There was, however, tremendous political pressure to make Gandhinagar a purely Indian enterprise, partly because the state of Gujarat was the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi. Kalia illumines Kahn's early influence in the city and his replacement by Doshi and then by American-trained H. K. Mewada, who had apprenticed with Le Corbusier in Chandigarh. Kalia shows that, unlike the other two cities, Gandhinagar would become emblematic of Gandhian ideals of swadeshi (Indigenous) goods and swaraj (self-rule)

Primary colors

Primary colors

Primary Colors: The primary colors consist of 3 unique colors, red-yellow-blue. When mixing these 3 colors hues, at least in theory, all the other hues of the color wheel, including black can be created.

A botanical garden is a place where plants, especially ferns, conifers and flowering plants, are grown and displayed for the purposes of research and education. This distinguishes them from parks and pleasure gardens where plants, usually with showy flowers, are grown for public amenity only. Botanical gardens that specialize in trees are sometimes referred to as arboretums. They are occasionally associated with zoos.

List of botanical gardens in India

• Agri Horticultural Society of India, Alipore, Kolkata
• Indian Botanical Gardens, Shibpur, Kolkata
• Lalbagh, Bangalore, Karnataka
• Government Botanical Gardens, Udagamandalam, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu
• Jhansi Botanical Garden, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
• Saharanpur Botanical Garden, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
• Lloyd's Botanical Garden, Darjeeling, West Bengal
• Garden of Medicinal Plants, North Bengal University, West Bengal
• Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute Palode Kerala

LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD-25, LSD, formerly lysergide, commonly known as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family. LSD is non-addictive, non-toxic, and is well known for its psychological effects which can include closed and open eye visuals, a sense of time distortion, ego death and profoundcognitive shifts, as well as for its key role in 1960's counterculture. It is used mainly by psychonauts as an entheogen and in psychedelic therapy.

American flag

The flag of the United States of America (the American flag) consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The fifty stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states and the 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies that rebelled against the British monarchy and became the first states in the Union.^[1] Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner (also the name of the national anthem).

Symbolism

The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private residences. It is also used as a motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world it is used in public discourse to refer to the U.S., not only as a nation, state, government, and set of policies, but also as an ideology and set of ideas.

Apart from the numbers of stars and stripes representing the number of current and original states, respectively, and the union with its stars representing a constellation, there is no legally defined symbolism to the colors and shapes on the flag. However, folk theories and traditions abound.